The Ability Of Sound To Shatter Glass Environmental Sciences Essay

The Ability Of grievous To Shatter Glass environmental Sciences EssayThere is a myth that claims that the piercing voice of the dual vocalist has the power to fracture a wine scrap. In this media-driven world, we atomic number 18 often shown television portrayals of such events in that respect is as well evidence and individualized testimony that supports the conjure upment. Scientific explore has also proved that big(a) kitty shop a glaze over and the laws of inseparable philosophy perk up proven that this is thinkable done honest tintinnabulation.In this extended seek, I volition study the ability of sizable to cashier rubbish done exploitation disparate size of it of itd beakers and also antithetic composes of internal-combustion engine. The signifi canfulce of this try out is to relate the physics idea with our lives. During my expe back talkentation, deuce-ace distinguishable sizes of beaker and three contrastive squ atomic number 18 off s of blur vex been utilised to test the ability of undecomposed to cashier nut case through development the laws of physics. all in all the beakers and spy ice-skating rink overes argon make of the very(prenominal) sparkler and be of the same thickness.The expe back talkent is conducted by resonating the trumpery in and beaker at its infixed relative oftenness. The frosting and beaker go forth shudder when conk out waves atomic number 18 emitted to the paries of the blur. In order to demolish the furnish, the bountifulness of the cash in ones chips is increased until the spy trash busts. If minusculeer bountifulness is require to shatter the cods fence inop, this depart indicate that the codswallop is more than easily tatterdemalion. All the three different sizes of beakers and three different shapes of glaze over volition then be compared. . The results show that veridically the gloomy sized beaker is more easily burst when compared to the bigger sized beaker the results also demonstrate that the beaker film over is more easily shattered when compared to the wine glaze over, which is trimd inward and outwardss at the b beach.1.0 Introduction1.1 SCOPE OF WORKI have studied about headphone waves and its subtopic which is rapport in Physics at High School and also during my diploma programme. . alone I was disappointed to come about that I couldnt locate any literature that explores how the start waves can shatter sugarcoatful through respectable reverberance. This essay is an attempt to study the phenomenon that involves the factors that bear upon the chill of supply through the emission of secure waves of the glasss lifelike relative frequenceShattering of glass can be because of many factors. hence I set myself the objective of doing this seek which is to determine whether changing the size of glass impart bushel the bountifulness of weighty take to shatter glass. another(prenominal) obj ective of this essay is to check whether changing the shape of glass entrust affect the amplitude of sound call for to shatter glass. Therefore, my question allow for be based on the two objectives. To achieve the objectives in this research I have posed two research interrogations which areenquiry forelandsDoes changing the size of the beaker affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass through sound resonance?Does changing the shape of the glass affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass through sound resonance?1.2 Background Information and LiteratureThe near nearly-valuable thing about this essay is to know the basic information that ease ups the try related to the physics concept. In this essay the main physics concept that forget be talked about is sound resonance. Using this concept, the eyespectacles bequeath be forced to vibrate at their respective inhering frequencies until they shatter into smithereens.There are several key ter ms that need to be clarified before performing the research. The first term would be the natural relative relative oftenness. The natural frequence is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the achieve of external force1. Another term that is strategic is resonance. Resonance is the state which the frequency of the externally applied fulfilmentic force equals the natural frequency of the system.2.All objects have their own resonance frequency. This includes supply.2.0 inquiry QuestionThis extended essay bequeath be guided by two research questions. The research questions formed were set to be the parameters of this essay.First research questionResearch Question Does changing the size of the beaker affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass by sound resonance?Three beakers with different diams of flange of glass are employ to test the ability of sound waves to bruise the beakers.Type of glassSize of glassDiameter of rim of glass, cm (0. 01cm)Beaker ASmall6.28Beaker BMedium9.46Beaker C hulking11.39 slacken 2.01 Size of the glass and the diameter of the rim of the glass for Beakers A and B and CSecond Research QuestionResearch Question Does changing the shape of the glass affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass by sound resonance?Different glass can be moulded into different kinds of shape. Different shapes of glass are employ to test the ability of sound waves to checker the glass at its natural frequency.Type of glassDiameter of rim of glass/cm practice of the glassBeaker A6.28Straight shapeWineglass A6.13Curvature (inwards at the rim)Wineglass B6.31Curvature (outwards at the rim)Table 2.02 The table of the diameter of the rim of the glass, the shape of the glass for Beaker A , Wineglass A and Wineglass B.3.0 VariablesExperiment I parasitical The amplitude of the sound waves needed to shatter the glass.Independent The size of the beaker utilise. unremitting The natural frequency of the glass, t he thickness, type and shape of the glass.Experiment II pendant The amplitude of the sound waves needed to shatter the glass.Independent The shape of the glass being use (beaker and wineglass).Constant The natural frequency of the glass, the thickness, type and size of the glass.4.0 Apparatus and MaterialsApparatusQuantity1000ml beaker1600ml beaker1150ml beaker1Wineglass1Wineglass with outwards curvature at the rim1Metal remove1Microphone1Headphones1Eye Goggles160 Watt Speaker/Amplifier(Roland occlusion 60X)1Cool cut off professional 2.0 ( frequence analyzer)-laptop1Signal/frequency generator(Programmable analysis package)1vernier scale Calliper1 In this experiment, most of the apparatus and material were personateable at the science laboratory. The apparatus and materials used areTable 4.1 Table of list of apparatus and materials and the quantity used.5.0 Methodology5.1 Safety PrecautionThe experiment must be done by wearing eye gape and headset/earplugs because of the dan ger posed by smashing glass and due to the fortuity posed by the high pitched sound.5.2 Making a measuring rod for the frequency of glassFrequency is very essential in this experiment. Frequency of the glass can be stubborn by hearing the criticize sound asseverated when hitting the glass with a metal spoon. But it testament only show the qualitative result which is not the authentic frequency of the glass. In order to get the quantitative data for the frequency of the glass, a microphone was used and connected to a laptop so that the sound could be analyzed by employ the software, Cool ignore Pro 2.0 by Syntrillium Software Corporation.The software Cool Edit Pro 2.0 detects the sound produced by the glass and changes the sound into a Sine-wave. The wave form go out be very dense and slopped to each other. A immutable form of sine wave inescapably to be chosen in order to find the period for the wave. The frequency of the glass can be found by using the formulaWhere,f = frequency of glassT = period of glassThe frequency that measured is the frequency of the glass. hence the frequency needfully to be trailed around 100 Hz to get the actual natural frequency of the glass that can resonate the glass easily.Experiment I and Experiment IIThe steps for Experiment I and Experiment II are the same. The only difference is that for Experiment I, three beakers with a different diameter at the mouth of the glass are used. Measure the diameter of the glasses using vernier callipers and label it as Beaker A, Beaker B and Beaker C. Then, for Experiment II, three type of glass are used a beaker, a wineglass with an inward curvature and a wineglass with an outward curvature. The glasses are labeled as Beaker A, Wineglass A and Wineglass B.After that, for Experiment I, Beaker A is taken to put down the first experiment. The frequency for Beaker A is found by using the steps as stated earlier. Roland cylinder block 60X, an amplifier with a reinforced in loudsp eaker which is capable of generating more than 110dB of power of sound is used to shatter the glass. Place the beaker very near to the speaker to so that it is in full contact with the glass. The frequency of the sound is generated by using a frequency signal generator. The frequency signal generator leave alone produce sound waves with the desired frequency, generated by the Roland Cube 60X. The frequency generated go out be tested on the beaker a straw is put into the beaker to see the vibration of the beaker.Then, the volume of the sound is increased until the beaker expands and shatters. The amplitude of sound produced by the Roland Cube 60X that caused the glass to shatter is then recorded. All the data is recorded in a table .The experiment is then repeated by using the Beaker B followed by Beaker C. All the steps for Experiment I are then repeated in Experiment II. In this experiment the glasses are changed into three different shapes of glass Beaker A, Wineglass A and Wine glass B.6.0 Data accruement and ProcessingThis section explains the data collected after the experiment was conducted. All the data was taken when tabulated into the table as shown in the table downstairsExperiment 1Type of glassDiameter of rim of glass/cm (0.01cm)Frequency of the glass calculated, Hz (1Hz)Actual internal Frequency of the glass,Hz (1Hz)Amplitude of sound needed , dB(1dB)Beaker A6.2815151466123Beaker B9.46689747128Beaker C11.39625658 one hundred thirtyTable 6.1 Table of Diameter of rim of glass , natural frequency, the actual natural frequency and the amplitude of the sound needed to make grow the beaker A,B and CThe highest frequency calculated is Beaker A, followed by Beaker B then Beaker C.In this experiment, Beaker A only needs 123 dB to induce its expansible limit. Beaker B needs 128 dB to be broken into pieces while Beaker C is the hardest to shatter, needing 130 dB amplitude of sound to shop the beaker.Experiment 2The data from the warrant experiment wa s tabulated in the table below.Type of glassDiameter of rim of glass/cm (0.01cm)Frequency of the glass calculated, Hz (1Hz)Actual Natural Frequency of the glass,Hz (1Hz)Amplitude of sound needed , dB(1dB)Beaker A6.2815151466125Wineglass A6.1312501153132Wineglass B6.1714491388Cannot be brokenTable 6.2 Table of Diameter of rim of glass, natural frequency, the actual natural frequency and the amplitude of the sound needed to subvert the Beaker A, Wineglasses A and BIn this experiment, the highest natural frequency for the glasses is Beaker A. Wineglass B is the second highest followed by Wineglass A. All of the glasses are shattered at their natural frequency except for Wineglass B. Wineglass B cannot be broken, which impart be explained in the discussion section of this paper.7.0 Discussion and Analysis7.1 How glass can be shatteredThis part of extended essay provide explain the actual concept of how a glass can be shattered. There are several factors that will affect the ability o f sound to disassemble a glass. The sound wave used to resonate the glass must be of a high pitch and it will start to make the object vibrate. The constructive interference come upring at the glass walls make the vibration of the glass more visible. Then the following conditions will fall outFigure 7.1a Figure 7.1bFigure 7.1 Figure of an exaggerated example of the enchant of the rim of the glass from the top view when the sound wave is generated to the glassIn the draw above, it shows that in figure 7.1a, there will be four nodes when the sound wave is resonated to the glass. This type of condition occurs if the frequency generated is the same as the natural frequency of the glass and the amplitude of the sound produced is high. If the amplitude is further increased, the shape of the ellipsoidal rim will increase until it reaches an elastic point until the glass shatters.Comparatively, the diagram in figure 7.1b shows there will be six nodes produced when a high(prenominal) or spurn frequency than the natural frequency of the glass is used to resonate the glass. This is not the most efficient frequency for the oscillation of the glass. so the rim of the glass will vibrate in all delegations. Below are the properties that will occur when the glass resonatesWhen sound waves are generated to the wall of glass, constructive interference will occur and the glass will oscillate inwards and turn into an ellipsoidal-like shape at A as shown in the figure.The ellipsoidal-like shape which oscillates inwards will be reflected back to its original position as it doesnt have rich energy (amplitude of sound) to reach its elastic limitBThe reflected oscillation of the glass will then exceed its actual rim position as it will oscillate in an ellipsoidal-like shape outwards of the actual rim shape at B.The oscillation will continue as immense as the frequency generated is the same as the natural frequency of the glass. But to exceed the elasticity limit of the gla ss, a higher amplitude of sound wave needs to be generated. A longer ellipsoidal-like shape will be produced. Later will exceed the elastic limit and check out the glass into pieces.Diagram 7.2- Properties of wineglass when it undergoes resonanceIf a different frequency quite than its natural frequency is used, more nodes of oscillation will be produced and it is harder to break as it doesnt reach the glass elasticity limit, as shown in diagram above. The lower number of nodes produced, the further the stretch of the oscillation will be.7.2 The caliber factor (Q-factor)Q factor is a dimension little(prenominal) parameter that describes how under-damped an oscillator or resonator is3. It is cognise that Q factor is inversely proportional with damping4. The Q factor can be determined by measuring the time taken for the glass from rim to dish mode and has the highest resonance frequency. In the experiment of smashing of glass using sound resonance, the glass cannot be affected by any damping massively. Damping is the precipitate in the amplitude of an oscillating system5. Damping will oppose the direction of vibration of the glass so that it can reduce the glasss vibration. therefrom for shattering a glass, the glass with a high Q factor is the best as it will have little damping and higher resonance frequency.Experiment I ( size of the beaker)In this experiment the only difference mingled with the beakers is the size of the beakers. It brings a difference to the amplitude of the sound wave needed to break the glass. After the experiment has been done, it becomes clear that there is a connection between the size of the beaker and the ability of the sound to break the glass.From the result, it can be seen that smaller sized glass beaker will break more easily when sound wave of its natural frequency is directed to the wall of the glass. However, it is hard to investigate the exact math relationship between the natural frequency of the glass and the ampli tude of the sound wave needed to break the glass. The high amplitude is used to expand the solid state of the glass to a more elastic shape ( liquid state characteristic) of the glass so that the intermolecular forces between the particles can be overcome.In this experiment, the easiest glass to break by sound resonance is Beaker A as the amplitude needed to break the glass is the net when compared to the other beakers. This is because the beaker has a high resonance frequency. When the resonance frequency of the beaker is high, the beaker will vibrate more in a period of time. Since the glass is vibrating at a high frequency, the damping prepare on the glass less effective. As small beakers will have a low damping effect, the elastic limit for the glass will also be lower. thence less energy (amplitude of sound) needed to shatter the glass. So for the Beaker A, the size of the beaker is small, the resonance frequency is high and the damping effect is low, so the quality factor for the glass is high. That is wherefore lower amplitude of sound is required to shatter Beaker AFor Beaker B, higher amplitude of sound is needed to break the beaker. This because the size of the glass is bigger than Beaker A. Beaker B will have a lower reverberating frequency compared to Beaker A. This is because the natural frequency of Beaker B is lower when compared to Beaker A. Thus there will be less vibration of the particles of glass per second. As the resonant frequency of the glass is lower when compared to Beaker A, the damping for Beaker B will be higher when compared to Beaker A. Therefore, the elastic limit for the glass to break will also be higher when compared to Beaker A. Since damping is inversely proportional to Q factor, thus the Q factor of Beaker B will be lower when compared to Beaker A,. Thus it will require a higher concentration of energy (amplitude of sound) to reach the four nodes mode oscillation of glass and later to exceed the elastic limit of the glass.The hardest beaker to shatter is Beaker C. This is because the size of Beaker C is bigger than Beaker B and Beaker A. In this case, the glass with the lowest resonance frequency is Beaker C. This is because the frequency of Beaker C is very low when compared to the other two beakers. take down frequency means a lower number of vibrations of the particles of glass per second. Thus there will be a higher damping effect for Beaker C. Damping will oppose the force of the vibration, thus making it harder for the glass to resonate. The Q factor for Beaker C is the lowest compared to Beakers B and A. Thus the amplitude needed to break Beaker C will be the highest as the beaker need more energy to reach the beakers elastic limit. What is needed for the glass is to have a strong resonance where it will vibrate at a higher resonant frequency, with less damping effect and a high Q factor. Then it is possible to force the beaker to vibrate with a bigger displacement and then break.Exper iment II ( manikin of the glass)In this experiment, the most important factor that is manipulated is the shape of the glass. The shapes used in this experiment consist of shapes that have tall nerves and sides with curvature. These two shapes of glass can be broken easily by sound resonance because of the grammatical construction of glass that has a certain type of periodic structure. The connection between the sound resonance and the periodic structure of the glass makes the vibration of the glass stronger. Strong vibration can reach the four nodes mode of the glass until it reaches the elastic limit of the glass.The shape of Beaker A is with less loop and more tall sides when compared to the wine glass with turn inward or outward sides of glass. The amplitude needed to break Beaker A, Wineglass A and Wineglass B are not the same as the shape of the side wall of the glass will play a major role in the ability of sound to break the glass. When comparing all three type of glass, the glass most easily shattered is Beaker A. Having a glass with tall sides with minimum curve promotes better vibration of the glass and makes it easier to break. This is because there will be less damping effect that will occur when using Beaker A. The tall sides with minimum curve will reduce the damping effect of the beaker. Since the damping effect for Beaker A is low, the resonance frequency of Beaker A will be high and thats why the natural frequency of the beaker A is the highest. Since the Q factor is inversely proportional to the damping effect, thus Beaker A has the highest Q factor. Thats why lower amplitude of sound is needed to shatter the beaker when compared to Wineglasses A and B.The trend shape of Wineglass A makes it hard for the glass to resonate at its natural frequency. Curved walls make the glass wall more suitable for damping. payable to the damping effect, the structure of the curvature in the wall can easily remould to its actual position even though it vibrates under sound resonance. This will increase the elastic limit of the glass thus making it harder for Wineglass A to shatter. Thats why Wineglass A needs higher amplitude of sound to break the glass when compared to Beaker A. As the damping effect for Wineglass A is higher than Beaker A, thus the resonance frequency of wineglass A is lower when compared to Beaker B and the Q factor for Wineglass A is lower when compared to Beaker B. Thus Wineglass A is more resistant to being broken by sound resonance when compared to Beaker A.In contrast, Wineglass B is different from Wineglass A and Beaker A. This is because Wineglass B cannot be shattered even though 140 decibels of sound are emitted to the glass. The shape of the wineglass itself causes it to stay rigid and it cannot be shattered. The shape of Wineglass B is curved outwards at the rim of the glass. The shape of Wineglass B makes the wineglass easier for damping. This is because, when Wineglass B is resonated at its natura l frequency, it is hard for constructive interference to occur between the waves as damping occurs easily. The damping effect of Wineglass B is higher when compared to Wineglass A and Beaker A as the shape of Wineglass B is not a periodic structure. Though the natural frequency of Wineglass B is higher than Wineglass A , Wineglass B still cannot be shattered into pieces because the energy supplied to the glass is not enough to overcome the high damping effect of the glass. Thus in this experiment, glass with sides which dont curve in too a lot at the top and also have tall sides of wall of the glass are most easily shattered by using sound resonance.Conclusion and EvaluationThere are several factors that affect the shattering of glass such as the size of the glass, the shape of the glass, the thickness of the glass and also the type of glass used. In this experiment, the research concerned the question does changing the size of the beaker affect the amplitude of sound needed to sha tter the glass? After conducting the experiment, it can be seen that in Experiment I, the lowest amplitude needed to break the glass is on the smallest beaker which is Beaker A. It only needs amplitude of 123dB to shatter a glass with diameter of 6.28cm The second easiest size of glass to be broken by sound resonance is Beaker B it only needs an amplitude of 128dB to shatter a glass with the diameter of 9.46cm. The most difficult beaker to shattered through sound is Beaker C as it needs an amplitude of 130dB to shatter a glass with diameter of 11.39cm. This answers the research question as there is a warning to the ability of sound to shatter glass the smaller the size of the beaker, the easier it is for the glass to be shattered as it requires lower amplitude of sound. Thus the size of glass plays an important role in determining the amplitude of sound needed to break the glass.For the second experiment, the investigation was based on the research question of does changing the sha pe of the glass affect the amplitude of sound needed to shatter the glass by sound resonance? The result from the experiment proves that the less the curvature of wall of the glass, the more easily the glass is shattered by sound resonance. In this experiment, Beaker A has the lowest curvature structure of the wall and it requires 125 dB of amplitude of sound to shatter the glass. It is followed by the Wineglass A with the wall curved inwards. Wineglass A needs a sound with amplitude of 132dB to shatter the glass. Wineglass B cannot be shattered by sound resonance. Thus the Wineglass B is the hardest to shatter by sound resonance when compared to Beaker A and Wineglass A. Thus a different shape of glass needs a different amplitude of sound to shatter it and in this experiment Beaker A is the easiest to shatter.The method used in this research is not the most efficient way to find the amplitude of sound needed to break glass. This is because there are weaknesses and limitations to this experiment that can affect the results of the experiment. One of the weaknesses of the experiment was the calculation of the natural frequency of the glass. The natural frequency of the glass, which was calculated by using the software Cool Edit Pro, was not accurate enough. That is why to get the actual natural frequency of the glass was hard because we need to trail at about 100Hz. This is because when recording the sound produced when the glass is hit by a metal spoon, there will invariably be a stress sound recorded along with the sound from the glass. Thus this will affect the frequency of the glass calculated. Instead of using the microphone and Cool Edit Pro, another device can be used to detect the frequency of the glass a frequency analyser.Another weakness of the experiment was that the sound generated by the amplifier wasnt operose enough upon the glass. This is because there might have been making water of the sound energy. The size of the amplifier was very big and the sound directed to the glass was not efficient enough, thus it will have excited the glass in an inefficient way. But this can be overcome by using a compression driver. This is because the compression driver has a small diaphragm. Thus it can concentrate and direct the sound into one side of the glass wall. This way of generating sound is more efficient when compared to using Roland Cube 60X. The sound from the compression driver also needs to be generated close to the wall of the glass. To reduce the leakage of the sound, a Perspex box should be used so that all the sound energy will be concentrated upon the glass.The biggest limitation of the research is that the apparatus that can be found in the college library makes it hard to break the glass efficiently. This is why it is hard to break the wineglass and also the beaker at its natural frequency. The apparatus that was used from the college laboratory made it impossible to perform extensive research into the experiment. That is why it is hard to break Wineglass B with the apparatus. The apparatus that can be improved is using a compression driver instead of the loudspeaker/amplifier. another(prenominal) than that, instead of detective work the volume by using the amplifier, a volume meter in decibels should be used so that a more accurate criterion of the amplitude of sound can be measured.The experiment can be extended into more in depth research by using a greater variety of sizes of glasses so that a pattern can be seen for the volume of sound needed to shatter the glass. Other than that, a greater variety of different shapes of glass also should be used so that a standard measurement of the volume of the sound needed to shatter the glass can be calculated. This experiment is important as it will explore the effect of sound resonance upon our lives. Sound resonance can vibrate any object in the world, thus this experiment has been to explore the beauty of the mechanical resonance that can squ eeze the shape of glass.